|
The International Phonetic Alphabet (unofficially—though commonly—abbreviated IPA)〔"The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers () to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself (from the phrase 'International Phonetic Alphabet') that resistance seems pedantic. Context usually serves to disambiguate the two usages." (Laver 1994:561) 〕 is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of oral language.〔International Phonetic Association (IPA), ''Handbook''.〕 The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech-language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators, and translators. The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are part of oral language: phones, phonemes, intonation, and the separation of words and syllables.〔 To represent additional qualities of speech, such as tooth gnashing, lisping, and sounds made with a cleft palate, an extended set of symbols called the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet may be used.〔 IPA symbols are composed of one or more elements of two basic types, letters and diacritics. For example, the sound of the English letter may be transcribed in IPA with a single letter, , or with a letter plus diacritics, , depending on how precise one wishes to be.〔The inverted bridge under the specifies it as apical (pronounced with the tip of the tongue), and the superscript ''h'' shows that it is aspirated (breathy). Both these qualities cause the English to sound different from the French or Spanish , which is a laminal (pronounced with the blade of the tongue) and unaspirated . and are thus two different IPA symbols for two different, though similar, sounds.〕 Often, slashes are used to signal broad or phonemic transcription; thus, is less specific than, and could refer to, either or , depending on the context and language. Occasionally letters or diacritics are added, removed, or modified by the International Phonetic Association. As of the most recent change in 2005,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=IPA: Alphabet )〕 there are 107 letters, 52 diacritics, and four prosodic marks in the IPA. These are shown in the current IPA chart, posted below in this article and at the website of the IPA.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=current IPA chart )〕 ==History== (詳細はFrench and British language teachers, led by the French linguist Paul Passy, formed what would come to be known from 1897 onwards as the International Phonetic Association (in French, ''フランス語:l’Association phonétique internationale'').〔International Phonetic Association, ''Handbook'', pp. 194–196〕 Their original alphabet was based on a spelling reform for English known as the Romic alphabet, but in order to make it usable for other languages, the values of the symbols were allowed to vary from language to language.〔"Originally, the aim was to make available a set of phonetic symbols which would be given ''different'' articulatory values, if necessary, in different languages." (International Phonetic Association, ''Handbook'', pp. 195–196)〕 For example, the sound (the ''sh'' in ''shoe'') was originally represented with the letter in English, but with the digraph in French.〔 However, in 1888, the alphabet was revised so as to be uniform across languages, thus providing the base for all future revisions.〔 The idea of making the IPA was first suggested by Otto Jespersen in a letter to Paul Passy. It was developed by A.J. Ellis, Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, and Passy.〔IPA in the Encyclopædia Britannica〕 Since its creation, the IPA has undergone a number of revisions. After major revisions and expansions in 1900 and 1932, the IPA remained unchanged until the IPA Kiel Convention in 1989. A minor revision took place in 1993 with the addition of four letters for mid-central vowels〔 and the removal of letters for voiceless implosives.〔Pullum and Ladusaw, ''Phonetic Symbol Guide'', pp. 152, 209〕 The alphabet was last revised in May 2005 with the addition of a letter for a labiodental flap. Apart from the addition and removal of symbols, changes to the IPA have consisted largely in renaming symbols and categories and in modifying typefaces.〔 Extensions to the IPA for speech pathology were created in 1990 and officially adopted by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association in 1994.〔International Phonetic Association, ''Handbook'', p. 186〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「International Phonetic Alphabet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|